Lab 03

PLANT TISSUES

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

Apical meristems

Skill 25

Root Apex

Examine L.S of root tip of Vicia faba showing: Growing point

"Protomeristem" - Calyptra - Protderm - Ground meristem - Procambium.

Skill 26

Shoot Apex

Examine L.S of Vicia faba showing: Growing point "Protomeristem" - Protoderm - Ground Meristem - Procambium - Leaf Primordia.

Lateral meristems

Skill 27

Vascular Cambium

Examine T.S of Helianthus stem showing the presence of Vascular cambium

Skill 28

Cork Cambium "Phellogen"

Examine T.S of Sambucus stem showing the periderm that composed of the following zones:

Cork cells "Phellum", Cork cambium "Phellogen" and Secondary cortex "Phelloderm"

PLANT TISSUES

MATURE (PERMANENT) TISSUES

Dermal system

Epidermis

Shapes & types of epidermis

Skill 29

Papillose

Examine V.S of stripe of the epidermis of Rosa petals.

Skill 30

Tangential and Radial

Examine T.S. of Sambucus stem.

Skill 31

Palisade-like

Examine V.S of Phaseolus seed testa.

Skill 32

Fiber -like

Examine T.S of Zea mays stem.

Skill 33

Multiple epidermis

Examme V.S of Ficus elastica leaf.

Skill 34

Hypodermis

Examine V.S of Nerium oleander leaf.

Skill 35

Piliferous layer and Exodermis

Examine T.S of Rucsus root.

Skill 36

Periderm

Examine T.S of Sambucus stem.

Lab 02

Components of Plant Cells

Living Contents (Protoplasmic)

Plastids

Chloroplastids (Chloroplasts)

Skill 13

Discoid Chloroplasts

Mount a fresh Elodea leaf in water and examine microscopically to note many discoid Chloroplasts within each cell.

Skill 14

Spiral Chloroplasts

Mount few filaments of Spirogyra in water  and  examine to note spiral chloroplasts, each with many pyrenoids.

Skill 15

Stellate Chloroplasts

Mount few filaments of Zygnema and examine to note two Stellate plastids in every cell; each  one with only one pyrenoid.

Chromoplastids (Chromoplasts)

Skill 16

Globular Bodies

Examine the provided T.S. of pericarp of red fruit Capsicum spp "Pepper" to note that the fruit color is due to definite colored bodies (dense globular & irregular chromoplasts) within cells.

Non-Living Contents

(Non-protoplasmic)

Starch Grains

Skill 17

In Potato Tubers.

Simple

Eccentric Hilum

Skill 18

In Phaseolus seeds.

Simple

Concentric, Branched elongated Hilum

Stratified

Skill 19

In Pisum seeds

Simple

Concentric, Branched Stellate Hilum

Stratified

Skill 20

In Zea grains

Simple

Concentric, branched Hilum

Non-Stratified 

Crystals

Calcium Oxalate

Skill 21

Solitary Crystals "Rombiod-Shaped"

Strip off the epidermis from the fleshy leaf bases of Garlic bulb, spread over the slide, mount in glycerin cover with a cover slip.Examine microscopically the S.V. to note the solitary crystals .

Skill 22

Druses Crystals "Rosette-shaped"

Examine T.S. of Abutilon petiole to note them mainly in the cortical cells.

Skill 23

Raphides Crystals "Needel-like"

Examine T.S in Dracaena stem.

Calcium carbonate

Skill 24

Cystolith

Examine V.S. in Ficus elastica leaf to note these calcium carbonate crystals precipitated on long stalks arising from the outer wall of some epidermal cells "large lithocyst" forming Cystolith.

Lab 01

Plant Cells
Structure of Plant Cells
Skill 1
Structure of Meristematie CellsExamine L.S. of the Root Apex of Vicia faba to note the Meristematie cells  [Large nucleus – Thin cell wall - Dense cytoplasm – Small vacuoles- Cubic small cells – Dense nucleus]
Skill 2
Structure of Mature Cells
Strip off the epidermis from the fleshy  leaf bases of Allium cepa, spread over the slide, stain with iodine, mount in glycerin, cover with a cover slip. Examine microscopically the S.V. to note the cell wall, the granular cytoplasm, the nucleus and the vacuoles.
Cell Wall
Primary Cell Wall
Skill 3
Parenchymatous CellsExamine T.S. of Helianthus Stem showing the cortex is composed of two types of cells; outer collenchyma and inner parenchyma.
Secondary Cell Wall
Skill 4
Collenchymatous Cells
Examine T.S. of Sambucus Stem showing lamellar collenchyma, thickened walls with pectin.
Skill 5
Sclerenchymatous Cells(Thickened with lignin)
Examine T.S. of Helianthus Stem
showing sclerenchymatous cells with thick wall of lignin.
Skill 6
Cork Cells(Thickened with subrin)
Examine T.S. of Sambucus "Elder pith"
Stem stained with Sudan III showing the Cork cells of Periderm. The wall of the cork cells are compacted and composed of suberin which are irregularly deposited in stratified layers
Skill 7
Thick Cuticle (Outer epidermal walls) 
(Thickened with cutin)
Examine V.S. of Ficus elastica leaf showing the epidermal cells with thick
cuticle of'cutinized layers
Special Structure of Cell Walls
Skill 8
PlasmodesmataExamine T.S. in the outer layer of the endosperm of Phoenix dactylifera seed showing the Plamodesmata "groups of protoplasmic threads" which are extended across of the plasma membrane of the middle lamella to joint the protoplasm of the two neighboring cells.
Pits
Skill 9
Simple pit-pairsExamine T.S. of Sambucus or Duranta stem showing the pit pairs of the primary walls. Note also the presence of simple pits appearing both in surface and lateral views.
Skill 10
Bordered Pits (T.S.)Examine T.S. of fibrous tissues of Pinus Stem showing the structure of the bordered pits [Torus - Pit pore - Pit membrane - Borders - Pit chamber] present between secondary walls
Skill 11
Bordered Pits (L.S.)Examine L.S. of fibrous tissues of Pinus Stem showing the bordered pits present between secondary walls.
Skill 12
Branched Canal Pits "Stone Cells"Examine V.S. of fruit of Psidium guajava showing Thick-walled cells with small lumnae and branched canal pits